The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his thoughts on the different ways in which individuals relate to and. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp.
The definitive guide stepbystep maslows hierarchy of needs. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory x and y on resulting behavior and productivity. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. By highlighting theory y, he hoped instead to persuade managers to abandon the limiting assumptions of theory x and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between.
He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behavior at work. Y theories are based on diametrically opposed assumptions of human nature. One criticism of mcgregor s theory y is that it may not be possible for the superior. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. There is no question that theory x and theory y had an incredible impact on management thinking. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
Mcgregor s xy theory is mainly focused on management and motivation from the manager s and organization s perspective. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. What are the criticism of mcgregors theory x and theory y. These theories are two opposing sets of general assumptions of how workers are motivated, it forms the. Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Theory x and theory y were part of mcgregors philosophy of management, which represented a fundamental change in management thought and practice. Mcgregors theory x and theory y gives managers a new understanding of how different leadership methods has an effect on the productivity of employees. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. He gave me intellectual nourishment to design and implement a valuesbased, visiondriven philosophy of governance that was appropriate to the circumstances i found myself in at hanover. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Social psychologist mcgregors theory x and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Theory x and theory y are not opposites and neither is one completely better than the other one. Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors.
Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that is implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication. This studys threedependent variables were positively related to theory y and negatively related to theory x, withlarger theory y effect sizes. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Sep 26, 2016 a powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregor s theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. Theory x and theory y, 1998 the y management theory implies that employees as responsible individuals, who are motivated by a sense of accomplishment. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Mcgregors sets forth two alternative views of human nature first view are called theoryx and the second view is called theoryy. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy this question of motivation has been studied by management theorists and social psychologists for decades, in attempts to identify successful approaches to management.
Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Could it be just me or does it look as if like a few of these comments look as if they are left by brain dead folksp and, if you are writing at other online social sites, i would like to keep. Rather, he saw that two theories as two extremeswith a whole spectrum of possible behavior inbetween. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. One criticism of mcgregor s theory x is that it creates diseconomies of scale in large applications. By the time the human side of enterprise was republished in 1985.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. May, 2016 many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Theory y that people want to work, achieve and take. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions.
In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Advantages of theory x and y the biggest advantage of using theory x. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mcgregor observes that if employees are lazy, indifferent, unwilling to. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Mcgregors theory x and theory y organizational behavior. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. A brief critique in his book the human side of enterprise 1960, douglas mcgregor studied behavior patterns of individuals in the workplace, and formulated the x and y theory. There is no doubt that ouchi s theory z model offers excellent ideas, albeit it lacking the simple elegance of mcgregor s model, which let s face it, thousands of organizations and. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Results indicate that mcgregors conceptualization is best considered as two separate constructs theory y and theory xrather than as onedimensional xy construct. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Mcgregor s x y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. The purpose of this paper is to trace mcgregors xy theory and its relationship with fulfillment of psychological contract. May 05, 2018 douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y.
The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y duration. Theory x and theory y mcgregor and leadership motivation hr. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value.
Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of coercive methods and by direction. Mcgregor s xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. And i actually do have a couple of questions for you if you tend not to mind. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x suggests that individuals have an instilled dislike for work and try to avoid it. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Nov 25, 2019 douglas mcgregors theory incorporates both internal and external motivation.
Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Motivating people using theory x and theory y mindtoolsvideos. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregor s 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables. It is to mcgregors thorough research and curiosity in behavior and incentive that we owe our current understanding of theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theory x and theory y to describe styles of managers. Mcgregors theories douglas mcgregor, best known for his comparison of the x and y theories of management, is often considered the father of the y management theory. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions.
Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. The theories are just a guideline on how which way theory x or theory y would better suit the. In the human side of enterprise mcgregor recognised that theory y was not a panacea for all ills. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. The latter theory holds that man is positive with potentiality to development. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory. For those managers faced with the challenge of douglas mcgregors landmark book, the.
Douglas mcgregor 196o, reflecting on leadership and motivation at work, procured the accessible literature on organisations and subsequently examined modern managerial. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia.
Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Contentsadvantages of theory x and ydisadvantages of theory x and ydifference between theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Mcgregors assumptions were that there were two contrasting sets of assumptions about people underlying managerial attitudes and behaviour.
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